Latin American Journal of Pharmacy : A Life Science Journal

Health Logistics Managements In Sub-Sahara Africa

Catherine Armah and Emmanuel G.K. Duncan — Thu, 18 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Health logistics management plays a crucial role in ensuring the effective and efficient delivery of healthcare services, especially in resource-constrained regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This abstract provides an overview of the challenges, strategies, and potential solutions related to health logistics management in SSA. Sub-Saharan Africa faces unique challenges in healthcare logistics, including inadequate infrastructure, limited resources, geographical barriers, and high disease burdens. These challenges contribute to difficulties in the procurement, distribution, and storage of essential medical supplies, leading to disruptions in healthcare delivery.

To address these challenges, various strategies are being employed in SSA. This includes the adoption of technology for inventory management, the establishment of centralized procurement systems, and the improvement of transportation infrastructure. Collaborative efforts between governments, non-governmental organizations, and international partners are also being promoted to enhance the coordination of logistics activities. Despite these efforts, several barriers persist, including weak governance structures, corruption, and insufficient financial resources. Additionally, the impact of global health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, has further underscored the need for resilient and responsive health logistics systems in SSA.

This study suggests that a holistic approach to health logistics management in SSA should involve capacity building, policy reforms, and sustained investments in healthcare infrastructure. Strengthening regional and international collaborations can facilitate knowledge exchange and resource mobilization to overcome common challenges. In conclusion, effective health logistics management is integral to improving healthcare outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. By addressing the unique challenges and implementing comprehensive strategies, the region can enhance its ability to provide timely and quality healthcare services, ultimately contributing to improved public health outcomes.

A Comprehensive Review of Disintegrants: Backbone of disintegration

Tue, 23 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Strong attractive bonding forces works among the particles of solid dosage forms such as mechanical, solid and intermolecular and bioavailability of solid dosage form is preferentially dependent on in vivo disintegration then dissolution. This review is focused for disintegrating agents, their categories, mechanisms of action, associated pros and cons. Furthermore, more emphasis is on natural superdisintegrants, those perform disintegration at fastest rate with limited side effects. So, they are in frequent use to create number of preparations like fast dissolving tablet, pulsatile and tablet dispersible tablet etc. Despite of various disintegrants, superdisintegrants co-processed form of them are thoroughly investigated along with novel techniques of production such as Melt Extrusion, Crystallization, Spray Drying, Solvent Evaporation, Granulation/ Agglomeration.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of Schiff bases from substituted 1,3, 4 Thiadiazole as multi-functional agents with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities

Sajid Ajit Malak, Madhuri Satish Patil, Mohd. Mustakim Sahrif — Thu, 25 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Schiff bases have gradually evolved into powerful biological agents because of their biological and medicinal properties. In this work, an efficient method is developed for the synthesis of Schiff bases from substituted 1,3,4 Thiadiazole. All the synthesized molecules were characterized using various spectral techniques including FTIR, 1HNMR,13CNMR, and Mass spectrometry.All the new synthesized compounds were then screened for their antimicrobial activity against three types of bacteria and three fungal strains, by application of the MIC assays. The antioxidant activities were also estimated and strongly correlated with the potential of BHT or butylated hydroxy toluene. All the synthesised compounds showed good antimicrobial activity at concentrations ranging between at 1–2.25 g/mL. The synthesised compounds also showed promising antioxidant activities, as compared with BHT, with 3b, 3d, and 3h showing appreciable antioxidant efficacy.

Maximizing Intubation Comfort: The Benefits of Betamethasone Gel Application on Endotracheal tube

Mon, 29 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Steroids like Betamethasone gel usually restricted for application and treatment of skin disorders, but it can also be helpful in preventing postoperative complications of intubation such as cough, sore throat, and hoarseness of voice.

Methods and Results: Multiple case studies including prospective, randomized controlled studies are taken into consideration, various studies, analysed and concluded that Betamethasone gel is superior when compared to other jellies like lignocaine jelly, K Y jelly application on the endotracheal tube optimizes the intubating conditions with ease and prevents post-operative complications.

Conclusion: The maximum benefits of Betamethasone gel outweigh the benefit -risk ratio and superior as compared to other jellies in the market.

Development, In-Vitro Evaluation And In-Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study Of Buspirone Hcl Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Ramshetti Rajendra Prasad And Shayeda* — Thu, 01 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Buspirone hydrochloride (BUS HCl) treats anxiety disorders and relieves symptoms, however its bioavailability is 4–10%. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are commonly spherical with a 50 to 1000 nm diameter. The objective of the study to develop solid lipid nanoparticles and improve the oral bioavailability of buspirone HCl. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed no interactions between drugs and lipids. The SLNs were designed through a process of hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication. The prepared formulations were evaluated for size, zeta potential (ZP), Polydispersity Index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE), in-vitro drug release, and stability studies. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) studies revealed that pure drug had irregular particles, whereas SLNs contained spherical-shaped and uniform-sized particles. Based upon the results, F3 formulation was optimized having size (163.1±5.2nm), PDI (0.163±0.007), and showed in-vitro release (76.44±1.4%) in 24hrs. The formulation (F3) significantly improved pharmacokinetic parameters such as Cmax, AUC0-t, and t1/2 and increased bioavailability by 2.3 folds that of coarse suspension.

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis with autoimmune encephalitis in a child: a case report

Yiyun Zhou, Sainan Shu* — Sat, 03 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Backgrounds: Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (HNL) is a rare benign self-limiting inflammatory disease that mainly affects young adults, however, the exact pathogenesis is unknown. A 4-year-old child who was diagnosed with HNL combined with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) was admitted to our hospital. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, imaging findings, and treatment outcomes of pediatric patients with HNL+AE.

Case presentation: A 4-year-old male child was admitted to our hospital after presenting with a neck mass persisting for over 2 months and a fever lasting 5 days. The initial symptom was fever accompanied by lymph node enlargement. The patient was diagnosed with HNL, however, the condition did not respond significantly to treatment, and he continued to have lymph node enlargement and intermittent fever. Six months later, the patient developed neurological symptoms, including decreased voluntary activity, impaired speech, and reduced appetite. Subsequent serum testing yielded positive results for CASPR2, leading to a diagnosis of CASPR2 antibody-associated encephalitis. The final diagnosis was HNL+AE, which improved after finding the corresponding treatment. Subsequent follow-ups indicated no recurrence.

Conclusions: This represents the first documented case of HNL+AE in pediatric patients exhibiting typical symptoms of fever, lymph node swelling and pain accompanied by acute neurologic symptoms, and an extended disease course. This report contributes to the theoretical understanding of the disease.

A Study To Analyse The Integrity Of Amniotic And Amnio-Chorionic Membrane With Or Without Antibiotic Treatment By Universal Testing Machine

Hemavathy S, Mary Antony Praba*, Venkataramaniah C — Wed, 07 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This is a study that compares the tensile strength of the amniotic and amnio-chorionic membrane obtained from ‘C’ section deliveries. Amniotic membrane in recent days are very much used for complex wound healing in all types of wounds, because of the collagen bundles present in them. We formulated this study to analyse the quality and integrity of collagen bundle with or without antibiotics during collection and transportation of placenta form ‘C’ section deliveries that is widely preferred.

We designed this study with 4 groups of samples, A-WA, A-WOA, C-WA and C-WOA with 6 samples in each group (Table-1). All the samples were processed, dehydrated, dried, cut into dumbbell shaped pieces and tested for their tensile strength. In this study the amniotic and amnio-chorionic membranes processed without antibiotics have shown high tensile strength or high membrane integrity and so can be concluded as effective in wound healing, than the counterpart.

Congenital Anomalies Of Female Genital Tract And Its Effect On Reproduction

Dr. Radhika Parmar, Dr. Aditi Atodaria, Dr. Shruti Naria, Dr. Kishor Chauhan, — Mon, 19 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

INTRODUCTION

Congenital malformations of the female genital tract are defined as deviations from normal anatomy resulting from embryonic maldevelopment of the Müllerian or paramesonephric ducts. It includes malformations that affect the development and morphology of the Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and vulva, with or without associated ovarian, urinary, skeletal or other organ malformations

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To study the congenital malformations of the female genital tract and its effect on reproduction.

METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted in the department of obstetrics & gynaecology at Dhiraj Hospital, Waghodia, Piparia over a period of 18 months and loo patients were included in the study,

STATISTICAL METHODS

Data was analysed and appropriate statistical methods like Mean, Median, Mode and chi-square test was employed to analyse data throughout study.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

After the work up of the patient and detecting the anomaly, it has been classified and can further guide the patient for the intervention required. From this study we find out the types and incidence of the congenital anomalies and also see its effect on reproduction, evaluate the factors leading to infertility and have explained about the preventive measures for that or treat the cause behind these anomalies as early as possible..

Assess The Knowledge Regarding Infection Prevention And Control Measures Among Nurses Working In Maternity Units

Ms. Salikaben Vadiya* Dr. Ningthoujam Sujita Devi — Wed, 21 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Many People are getting hospital acquired infection. Infection Prevention control is approach which help to prevent health care workers and patients from being affected by the infections which are avoidable. Aim of the study: To assess the knowledge and factors impacting adherence towards infection prevention control measures among nurses working in maternity units from selected hospitals of Pune city. Objectives of the study are to assess the level of knowledge related to infection prevention and control measures among nurses and to associate the level of knowledge score with selected demographic variables. Material and method: Quantitative research approach and Non experimental research group design was used. 220 staff nurses were selected by Non probability purposive sampling technique. Data collected through self made tool. Reliability was done by using Test-Retest method. r value for knowledge Questionnaires tool is 0.96, tools are found reliable for the study as r value was more than 0.7. Result: Majority (26.8%) were from 25-30 years of age group. Maximum nurses were from GNM(51.8%) professional qualification .Most of the sample’s designation was staff nurse(86.4%).Maximum nurses(41.8%) had 1-5 years of total years of experience. Majority of the nurses (45.5%) had total 1-5 years of experience in maternity units. Among all the staff nurses majority had hospital training(64.5%) as any exposure of training related to infection prevention and control measure. 63.6% of them had average knowledge .The demographic variables age, professional qualification, designation, total year of experience and total years of experience in maternity units were found to have a significant association with the knowledge among nurses working in maternity units regarding infection prevention and control measures as p value is less than 0.05.Conclusion: The study concluded that staff nurses had average knowledge of infection prevention and control measures.

The effectiveness of movement-based cognitive rehabilitation on self-regulation and self-control of students with learning disabilities

Li CHEN , Junyan MENG*, Zhanguo SU* — Sat, 24 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of movement-based cognitive rehabilitation in enhancing self-regulation and self-control in students with learning disabilities. The research design is a semi-experimental consisting of two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with pre-test and post-test stages. The statistical population comprises 8 to 10-year-old children with learning disabilities . A sample of 30 children, aged 8-10 years, was selected. The participants were paired based on age, social class, intelligence quotient (IQ), and level of previous education. They were then randomly assigned to either the experimental group (15 individuals) or the control group (15 individuals). The independent variable, movement-based cognitive rehabilitation training, was implemented on the experimental group. The ASEBA behavioral problems questionnaire and Tangney's self-control questionnaire were employed in the present study. The effectiveness of the treatment was examined using multiple regression analysis, while the status of variables was determined using one-sample t-test. Furthermore, independent samples t-test was employed to compare the variables between the two groups. The results of the statistical analyses indicate that movement-based cognitive rehabilitation significantly improves self-regulation in children with learning disabilities. However, it did not show a significant effect on self-control.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of Pure and Mn doped NiO Nano Particles

Sat, 24 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The influence of Nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate as a capping agent on the structure, morphology, optical properties, and magnetic properties of nickel oxide (NiO) nanosized particles, which were synthesized using the co-precipitation method, was investigated. Nickel chloride hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were utilized as precursors in the synthesis process. The resulting nanoparticles were thoroughly examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The XRD patterns revealed that NiO possesses a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The size of the crystallites, as estimated by the Scherrer formula, ranged from 28 to 33 nm. Notably, the NiO nanoparticles exhibited a smaller size compared to the pure nanoparticles. This suggests that the addition of the capping agent, nickel acetate tetrahydrate at a concentration of 0.1M, facilitated the formation of nucleation points for nanoparticle growth. The optical and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles were studied using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis Absorption Spectroscopy (UV), Vibrating Scanning Magnetometer, and magnetization measurements. The FTIR spectra indicated the presence of absorption bands in the range of 400-4000 cm−1, which is a characteristic feature of NiO. The magnetic hysteresis of the NiO nanoparticles demonstrated that the capping agent enhanced the surface magnetization of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the nanoparticles in a 1M NaOH solution. The NiO modified electrode exhibited higher electroactivity and faster electron transport at the electrode surface compared to the bare electrode and Mn/NiO electrodes.

Association of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP-70) and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy in Southeast Asian Population

Farhan K. Alswailmi* — Sun, 25 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Present study was set to investigate the role of genetic polymorphisms of the oxidative and inflammatory pathway genes including Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70) and endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) in the onset of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) among the southeast Asian population like Pakistan. A case-control association study was conducted for a total of 553 individuals (among which 160 were DR, 193 DNR while 200 were healthy controls) by screening Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in HSP70 (promoter region: (-27G>C) through standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) while the eNOS [exon 7 SNP rs1799983 (c.894G>T; p.Glu298Asp) of eNOS was genotyped through PCR Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and an intron 4 VNTR] promoter regions was screened through standard PCR.For HSP70, a significant association of the C allele was found for diabetic individuals specifically the males (χ² =21.30, p<0.05, OR=2.58 [95% CI=1.68–3.97, p<0.05]) while no association of eNOS (rs1799983 and VNTR) was observed in the studied subject. The current study concluded that HSP70 polymorphism is associated with diabetic retinopathy while, eNOS seemed to have no role in diabetes retinopathy susceptibility in south Asian diabetic patients. Bioinformatic analysis also supported the genetic analysis where lack of association was observed for exonic SNP rs1799983 of eNOS with diabetic retinopathy.

Progress In Nano Micelles Drug Delivery Recently

Mr. Akashdeep Udmale*, Dr. Vipulkumar Patel — Sun, 05 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Colloidal dispersions known as nanomicelles are made up of self-assembling nanoparticles. These nanomicelles, which, have special qualities and traits because of their size, solubility, specialised surface, and exposure to the environment. They are multifunctional as a result, which makes them essential in biological applications and many other sectors. This review focuses on the unique characteristics of nanomicelles that make them stand out from other particles and emphasise and the variety of biological applications for which they are suitable. It also focuses on the ability of nanomicelles to encapsulate substances, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of various medication loading and delivery methods. It is still exceedingly difficult to deliver therapeutic medications efficiently and specifically to target locations in., superior to successfully encapsulate medicines within. These nanomicelles are created in aqueous conditions to form orderly. The components have an impact on the size and shape of nanomicelles. it is possible to accomplish selective drug delivery. This study gives a general overview of the newly created micellar nanocarriers with various designs, emphasising their unique qualities and the guiding principles that allow for targeted and long-lasting drug administration.

Enhancing Anticancer Efficacy through Nanoemulsion Formulation of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Black Seed Oil: A Comprehensive Characterization and Therapeutic Evaluation

Sun, 25 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nanoemulsions have gained significant attention as efficient drug delivery systems due to their improved solubility, stability, and potential for targeted therapy. This study presents the formulation, characterization, and evaluation of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion containing Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) and Black Seed Oil (BSO) for its potential as an innovative anticancer agent. The nanoemulsion was characterized for particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. The formulation exhibited mean droplet sizes of 94.67 ± 5.4 nm and 157 ± 4.3 nm for plain BSO and ASA-BSO nanoemulsion, respectively. Zeta potential values were -15 ± 2.4 mV and -27.67 ± 1.24 mV, respectively. Drug content determination confirmed a high loading capacity of 98.43 ± 2.32% for ASA-loaded nanoemulsion. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated enhanced release from the nanoemulsion compared to non-formulated ASA. Stability investigations indicated retained physicochemical properties over three months. Biological assessments included cell viability assays, cell cycle analyses, and apoptosis assessments in MCF-7, HePG2, and HCT 116 cancer cell lines. The ASA-BSO nanoemulsion formulation exhibited potent cytotoxic effects, impacting cell viability and arresting cells at different cell cycle phases. Apoptosis assessment revealed a significant increase in apoptotic populations, particularly in MCF-7 cells (84.35 ± 2.5%). These findings suggest the ASA-BSO nanoemulsion's potential as an effective and multifaceted anticancer strategy. The study highlights the formulation's capacity to impact various aspects of cancer cell behavior, supporting its further exploration as a novel approach in cancer therapy.

Beta Vulgaris L. Roots: A Review of its Phytochemistry, Nutritional Potential and Pharmacology

Nimer Alsabeelah* — Sun, 25 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Beta vulgaris (L.), commonly called beetroot, is an excellent crop that can be used for nutritional and medicinal uses. Different varieties of Beta vulgaris (B. vulgaris) are cultivated all over the world, especially, the main four varieties of beetroot including, Crosby Egyptian, crimson globe, Detroit (red beetroot) dark red and early wonder due to their uniform appearance with dark red flesh. A literature survey on beetroot was performed by searching scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science and ACS as well as published books. The beetroot plant has been reported to possess a wide range of production data all over the world. Many factors influenced the growth, nutritional quality and phytochemistry of beetroots including ma-turity, temperature, water stress and drought. Several bioactive chemical constituents from beetroot were recorded including β-barotene, betalains, lutein, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, rutin and kaempferol. The beetroot has been studied extensively for its wide range of biological activities, which include antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hematological activities. The plant was also shown to be rich in nutritional value with high protein contents and important minerals as well as the edible quality of seed oil. It is evident from the literature that B. vulgaris possesses a wide range of nutritional and medicinal uses and has been well-studied, while its therapeutic potential for mid gut and cardiovascular disorder remains to be explored. Critical analysis showed that nutraceutical and medicinal potential of beetroot is enormous, with some indications for the presence of synergistic effects. Previously couple of review articles have been published which highlights the either phytochemistry or pharmacological significance separately which scattered the information in different parts. Current review article tried to collect all information of Beta vulgaris medicinal plant including its cultivation, production, factors affecting its production and yield, nutritional benefits on health, phytoconstituents and pharmacological significance by adding literature until September 2023 which is unique in the sense of updated and comprehensive literature which can be enchanting to botanists, ethnopharmacologist, medicinal chemist, and industrialist.

Nutraceutical Potential and Health Benefits of Different Polyphenol-Rich Vegetables Stalk Extracts by Exploring Antioxidant Activities

Tabinda Fatima* — Sun, 25 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Edible stalk portion of vegetable is essential constituents of well-balanced diet enriched with minerals, dietary fiber, vitamins and phytochemicals. The main aim of the present research work was to determine the antioxidant of different polyphenol-rich vegetables stalk extracts (Cauliflower Stalk (CS), Broccoli Stalk (BC), Garlic Stalk (GC), Onion Stalk (OS), Parsley Stalk (ps), Young Bamboo Shoot (YBSS), Sarson Stalk (SS) and Sugar Cane SCS). The methanol crude extracts of all the stalks were prepared by orbital shaker. Quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoids was evaluated by RP-HPLC. In-vitro antioxidant activity was carried out by measuring the total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing potential and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. HPLC analysis showed the presence of gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and benzoic acid was found as major phenolic acids, while catechin was found as a major flavonoid in many stalk extracts. TPC was ranged from (0.41 to 1.26 and 0.05 to 0.18 mg/g of dry weight of stalk). Highest TPC and TFC were found in garlic stalk (1.26 g/100 g of dry stalk measured as gallic acid) and broccoli stalk (0.19 g/100 g of dry weight of stalk measured as catechin equivalent). Garlic stalk (17.23 mg/mL) showed the excellent radical scavenging activity. Among these vegetables’ stalks, Garlic stalk showed the promising DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing potential and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. HPLC analysis showed four phenolic acids were detected: gallic acid, p-hydroxyl benzoic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid. Gallic acid and p-hydroxy benzoic acid were the major phenolic acids present in abundance in extracts of all the stalks. Two flavonoids—catechin and quercetin—are being reported as the major flavonoids in edible stalk extract, analyzed.

Sweet Sedation: Honey Based Midazolam Versus Ketamine In Pediatric Anesthesia Premedication

Mon, 04 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

population. Anxiety and separation from parents is worrisome and there are no ideal premedications to calm the pediatric patients. Hence this comparative study of effects of Midazolam with honey & Ketamine with honey as oral premedication.

Methods: This study was undertaken in different specialties of surgery department, 100 patients of either sex, aged between 2-8 years were taken and randomly assigned into 2 groups of 50 patients each; patients were selected by process of exclusion at every step for any variation from normal. Patients of both groups were premedicated orally with parenteral preparation of midazolam & ketamine mixing with honey (0.2ml/kg body weight).

Group M Midazolam 0.75 mg/kg body weight.

Group K Ketamine 6mg/kg body weight.

Both the drugs were given 30 minutes prior to proposed time of induction.

Patients were observed and compared in between the two groups and results were tabulated.

Results: Onset of sedation in midazolam group was 16.2± 3.6mins & in ketamine group 19.4 3.2 mins, 66% patients were calm & sleepy compared to 56% with ketamine during separation from their parents, 54% patients in midazolam group were unafraid and cooperative during application of facemask compared to 44% in ketamine group, level of sedation was satisfactory & similar in both groups. In group M patients who received midazolam orally; onset of sedation was quicker (P < 0.001), number of patients calm and sleepy during separation from their parents and at the time of venepuncture were more silent (P > 0.05) and degree of induction score was superior (P <0.05). Undesired effects like increased secretion, vomiting, nystagmus, random limb movement, and excitement before & after surgery were more in ketamine group.

Conclusion: Both midazolam (0.75mg/kg) and ketamine (6mg/kg) can be used as oral premedicants for children. However, midazolam may be preferred because of its early onset of action, better effect on allaying anxiety during separation from parents and lesser side effects.

The impact of social quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic on mental and physical health

Fengjun Qi, Zhenping Liu — Mon, 04 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: This study investigates the effects of quarantine on mental health.

Objective: To examine the effects of social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and physical health of the general population, as well as provide recommendations for patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals.

Methods: The present study reviewed articles published during and after the pandemic.

Result: This study explores quarantine's impact on mental and physical health. Various factors, such as infectious diseases, stress, and anxiety, can negatively affect mental health. The recent COVID-19 pandemic and resulting social quarantine have significantly impacted people's mental health within the community. Additionally, the closure of schools and the temporary loss of jobs have caused people to lead a sedentary lifestyle, harming their physical health. As a result, quarantine has been shown to affect mental and physical health adversely. Experts suggest that improving physical health through exercise can positively impact mental health.

Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing measures harmed older people's mental and physical health. To alleviate these effects during times of confinement, it is essential to implement a comprehensive program that includes exercise and psychological strategies. Additional research is necessary to explore this topic further.

Selected Patents On Food Dye: Curcuma Longa

Vikas Budhwar, Sunita Ahlawat*, And Manjusha Choudhary — Tue, 05 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Traditionally, turmeric has been used for a long time. Later, active constituents were separated, and some patents were filed for the techniques and formulations related to curcumin.
Objective: The main aim of the review is to compile data related to curcumin or turmeric from various patents.
Methods: Literature survey is done to exploit the patents using various survey engines like google patents, google scholar, science direct, etc.
Results: This review comprises the patents related to curcumin, which have been granted so far. In these patents, there are different formulations of curcumin, i.e., complexes of curcumin, water-soluble curcumin complexes, curcumin metal color complexes, etc., which are meant to improve its aqueous solubility and bioavailability
Conclusion: New pharmacological applications of the drug are also reported in some patents. The synthesis of various formulations with a combination of curcumin is also discussed. Some patents are also discussed, the improvement in various physicochemical properties with different techniques or formulations.

The effect of types of exercise on the mental health of non-athletes (comprehensive review)

Biao He, Liang Jiang* — Sat, 09 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background and goal:

Mental health refers to a person's emotional, psychological and social well-being. It affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves, and helps determine how they manage stress, relate to others, and make choices.

Method:

Google Scholar, Scopus, Pub Med, Wos and MDPI databases were used to search for articles in English from 2020 to 2024. Articles were extracted using the keywords of mental illness, behavior, depressive disorder and exercise. Finally, 71 article titles were searched based on the keywords used, and after reviewing the articles based on the entry and exit criteria and removing duplicate articles, 15 high-quality articles related to the effect of various types of exercise on the mental health of inactive people were obtained.

Findings:

Exercise can improve mental health in people with or without mental disorders and reduce symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). Physical activity interventions can also help reduce symptoms of depression in children, adolescents, and students. In addition, aerobic exercise is beneficial for improving the mental health of the elderly and can prevent common mental disorders. Overall, exercise interventions have a beneficial effect on depressive symptoms across a wide range of ages.

Conclusion:

Exercise has positive effects on the mental and emotional health of people and can be used as an effective solution to deal with depression. On the other hand, the type and intensity of exercise may affect people's mental and emotional health.

Pharmaceutical Validation: An Overview Of Concepts And Guidelines

Tue, 12 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Validation has a very significant role in pharmaceutical sector. It ensures safe, effective and consistent processes and products. Validation helps to alleviate the risks linked with pharmaceutical processes and products which result in production of high-quality products that are manufactured using suitable processes and also meet the required specifications. Validation studies are considered to be a vital aspect of GMP. The studies should to be performed according to the predefined protocols and guidelines, which include validation of process, equipment, testing and cleaning. This review provides an understanding on the concepts of validation and the guidelines to be followed for it in the pharmaceutical industry.

The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Brain Health in Athletes A comprehensive review

Wanyi Wei, Liwen Qin, Junwen Jiang* — Wed, 13 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background and goal:

HIIT It is a form of cardiovascular exercise that involves alternating between short bursts of intense anaerobic exercise and low-intensity recovery periods. HIIT workouts are designed to be short, typically lasting anywhere from 10 to 30 minutes

Method:

Google Scholar, Scopus, Pub Med, Science Direct and Springer databases were used to find articles in English from 2017 to 2024. Articles were extracted using the keywords HIIT, BDNF, brain health and acute exercise. 15 quality articles related to the effect of high-intensity interval training on the brain. The health status of the athletes was obtained and analyzed.

Findings:

Six articles investigated the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognitive performance and brain health, with the majority finding positive effects on various cognitive domains. Another six articles focused on the effects of HIIT on executive function, with most indicating positive effects. However, one study reported no specific effects of HIIT on brain functioning, and another suggested extreme fatigue from HIIT may negatively impact executive performance accuracy. Additionally, one study found no significant beneficial changes in decision-making enhancement from HIIT, while another reported positive effects on brain pressure flow.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may have a positive effect on the brain health of athletes. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and long-term effects of HIIT on brain health in athletes

The Relationship Between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms and Thought Responsibility in Working Women

Tianpeng Wang, Zhenjie Sun* — Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, we determined the relationship between obsessive and practical symptoms and responsibility of thoughts in Working Women. The research method used in this research is descriptive (correlation). The statistical population of this research includes all the working women of Beijing city. We have used G*Power software to determine the sample size. Considering that in correlation methods, the minimum sample size of 10 to 40 people is suggested for each observed variable, in this study, 24 people were considered as samples for each observed variable, and due to the existence of 3 observed variables, the number of 70 people was sufficient. . Considering the drop of the subjects and to increase the generalizability of the results, 100 people were selected and participated in this study by available sampling method. . To collect data, we used two questionnaires: the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) by Hodgson and Rachman , and the Responsibility Attitude Scale (RAS) by Salkovskis et al . To analyze the data obtained in this study, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed. Descriptive statistics were utilized to calculate key descriptive indices such as mean and standard deviation. For assessing the correlation between variables, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis were employed, with SPSS 16 software acting as the analytical tool. The significance level for this study was set at 0.05, signifying a small error tolerance. on the results of the statistical analyses conducted in this study, it can be concluded that the role of thoughts responsibility in predicting the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in employed women is positive and significant. In fact, thoughts responsibility has the ability to predict the symptoms of OCD in employed mothers. Based on this finding, It is suggested that in the discussion of teaching how to treat the thoughts of people with obsessive symptoms, psychologists and counselors should be given training workshops.

A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Haemato-Biochemical Parameters in Chickens Across Different Ages and Study Durations

Sasmita Jena, Dr Siba Prasad Parida — Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Haemato-biochemical parameters are pivotal indicators of health and physiological status in poultry and are influenced by various factors, including age and experimental conditions. Understanding these parameters is essential for improving poultry management and health diagnostics.

Objective: This study aims to systematically evaluate the effects of age and study duration on haemato-biochemical parameters in chickens, integrating data from diverse research studies to establish comprehensive reference values and identify potential trends.

Methodology: We conducted a meta-analysis using the OpenMeta(Analyst) software, selecting peer-reviewed studies that reported haemato-biochemical values in chickens. Age of chickens (in days), number of chickens taken as a study sample, and number of days of study were the primary variables extracted. Random-effects models were employed to account for between-study variability, and forest plots were generated to visualize individual and pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (C.I.).

Findings: The meta-analysis included 30 studies, with a cumulative sample size exceeding 5,700 chickens. The forest plots revealed significant heterogeneity among studies (I^2 > 50%), with the age of chickens showing a wide range of effects on haemato-biochemical parameters. The overall effect size suggested that older chickens tend to have higher variability in these parameters. Furthermore, larger study samples and extended durations were associated with more precise estimates, indicating the importance of study design in haemato-biochemical research.

Morphoanatomical standardization and elemental analysis of Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabberley (India)

Mubeen. Ma, Prema. Sa*, S Sathik Basha. Sa — Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabberley have many uses in Indian and Chinese ethnomedicine. In this study we aim to establish the pharmacognostic profile of C.chinensis leaves to assist in the standardization for quality, purity and for the identification of sample. The fresh and dried leaves were evaluated to determine the macro and micromorphological characters using light and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) The leaves were also subjected to elemental analysis by an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS or EDAX).Plant anatomy illustrated dicot histology. The leaves under LM are amphistomatic (anisocytic and diacytic), according to stomatal analysis .Several simpler multicellular covering trichomes and some glandular trichomes are found on the TS of midrib and TS of lamina shows dorsiventral leaf with few covering and glandular trichomes whereas numerous simple, multicellular covering trichomes were found in TS of petiole which was also found in SEM. The powdered drug showed the presence of several trichomes, stomata, fragment of mesophyll tissue, thin walled fibre with wide lumen and narrow lumen, vessels with spiral and annular thickenings, and prismatic crystals. The histochemical study of leaf and petiole showed the presence of cutin in epidermis, tannin deposition in hypodermis and lignin in xylem.The elemental analysis using EDS showed the presence of higher chlorine content but petiole contains more of potassium than chlorine. Various pharmacognostic characters observed in this study helps in botanical identification and standardization of Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabberley in crude form.

An Integrative Review on Incurable Diseases: Pathophysiology, Risk and Possible Treatments

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Genetic, metabolic, neoplastic, infectious, non-infectious, hereditary, and autoimmune disorders are among the ailments with no known cure. Rare diseases are included on the list of incurable diseases since they are inherited approximately 80% of the time. Modified Words Structural changes Longest. Everyone in the community is susceptible to fatal diseases. While some of these diseases are inherited in nature, others may be the result of poor lifestyle choices, poor eating habits, or other detrimental behaviors. The early start of the disease is usually impacted by the environment. The following medical concerns are commonly prevalent in persons who require care as they approach death: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, advanced cancer, multiple sclerosis, advanced lung, heart, kidney, and liver disorders, frailty, and multimorbidity exists.

Evaluating Haemato-Biochemical Parameters Across Chicken Breeds: Insights from a Systematic Review of Selected Studies

Sasmita Jena, Dr Siba Prasad Parida, Dr Gagan Kumar Panigrahi — Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Understanding the haemato-biochemical parameters of chicken breeds is crucial for optimizing health, productivity, and genetic selection strategies. Despite individual studies on various breeds, a comprehensive comparison and synthesis of these parameters are lacking, leading to fragmented insights into breed-specific physiological profiles.

Objective: This review aims to systematically evaluate and synthesize existing research on haemato-biochemical parameters across different chicken breeds, identifying patterns, variations, and gaps in the current knowledge base.

Methodology: We conducted a thorough search in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, identifying 124 studies initially. Applying rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria focused on relevance, methodology, and quality, we narrowed our selection to 32 studies for detailed analysis. Our methodology included a thematic analysis to identify common threads and a comparative approach to elucidate breed-specific differences.

Findings: The review revealed significant variability in haemato-biochemical parameters among chicken breeds, with clear distinctions that could be linked to genetic, environmental, and management factors. Key themes emerged around the influence of breed on parameters such as hemoglobin levels, leukocyte counts, and biochemical markers like glucose and cholesterol levels. Several studies highlighted the potential for using these parameters in selective breeding programs to enhance desirable traits.

Conclusion: The systematic review underscores the importance of breed-specific haemato-biochemical profiles in the management and genetic improvement of chickens. It highlights the need for standardized methodologies in future research to enable more accurate comparisons and the development of breed-specific health and productivity strategies.

Maternal and Perinatal outcome In Cases of Antepartum Hemorrhage

DR. Heena Rajput, DR. Kishor Chauhan, DR. Krunal Shah, DR.Saloni Jain — Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is an emergency obstetrical condition that accounts for 2-5% of pregnancies and contributes to high level of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. This was an analytical study of cases of APH to know about the perinatal and maternal outcome. Method: This prospective observational study was conducted on 200 women diagnosed with APH admitted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at tertiary care center during a period from July 2014 to June 2016. Results: The overall incidence of APH was 2.04% and majority of them had abruptio placenta (101;50.5%) followed by placenta praevia (98;49%) and 1(0.5%) case was of vasa praevia. Anaemia (82.5%) was the commonest maternal morbidity. Most common complication due to APH was PPH (14.5%) and DIC (10%). Overall, caesarean section rate was high in case of APH (68%) especially due to Placenta Previa (69.8%). Among 200 cases of APH, there were 100(50%) live birth, 84(42%) IUD, 16(8%) NND, 110(55%) preterm birth and 39(19.5%) newborns required NICU admission. maternal mortality was 2% & perinatal mortality was 50%. 2% of mothers required ICU monitoring. Conclusion: Based upon observations made during this study, it is concluded that APH is a grave and potentially life-threatening condition for mother and foetus which taxes the limit of even the best equipped maternal and neonatal units. Study definitively shows that timely diagnosis and expert management by experienced clinician at all levels will help in improving maternal and fetal outcome in cases of APH.

A Review on Cultivation, Nutritional, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Characteristics of Moringa Oleifera

Tabinda Fatima* — Sun, 24 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Moringa oleifera Lam. (referred as Moringa) gained a lot of interest in last decade from a seasonal vegetable to ethnopharmacological plant which was traditionally used for nutritional requirement. Scientifically Moringa oleifera belongs to family Moringaceae. Flowers, Leaves, pods and Seeds of Moringa oleifera plant has been used as functional food. Articles were searched by using a key word of moringa oleifera on google scholar and all articles were cited which are published in last 10 years and recently in 2024. Water, temperature, humidity and fertilizers play a significant role in the cultivation of the plant. Phytoconstituents are reported into the categories including proteins and amino acids, carotenoids, alkaloids, phenolic acid, glucosinolate, flavonoids, sterols, terpenes, saponins and tannins, fatty acids, glycosides and polysaccharides. Moringa Oleifera plant for phytoconstituents was widely searched between 2010 and 2023 leading to the exploration of more than 90 phytoconstituents. Pharmacological properties range from antimicrobial to cytoxic activities which increase the significance of this nutritional plant to medicinal plant. Toxicity validation data show that plant has safe at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. An ample amount of experimental based data is collected, it is right time to move forward for clinical trial studies by formulation of most active parts of the plant. Separation of active phytoconstituents for specific disease and dosage formulation of particular phytoconstituents should be target for pharmaceutical industry. Secondly, nutritional homeopathic formulation can be used chronically to treat various diseases related to pain, gastrointestinal tract and metabolic disorders like diabetes which will lessen the health burden on population.

Relationship between obsessive symptoms and cognitive fusion of working women

Tianpeng Wang, Wenjia Li* — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, we determined the relationship between obsessive and practical symptoms and cognitive fusion in Working Women. The research method used in this research is descriptive (correlation). The statistical population of this research includes all the working women of Beijing city. We have used G*Power software to determine the sample size. Considering that in correlation methods, the minimum sample size of 10 to 40 people is suggested for each observed variable, in this study, 24 people were considered as samples for each observed variable, and due to the existence of 3 observed variables, the number of 70 people was sufficient. . Considering the drop of the subjects and to increase the generalizability of the results, 100 people were selected and participated in this study by available sampling method.To collect data, we used two questionnaires: the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) by Hodgson and Rachman , and the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) by Gillanders et al. (2014). To analyze the data obtained in this study, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed. Descriptive statistics were utilized to calculate key descriptive indices such as mean and standard deviation. For assessing the correlation between variables, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis were employed, with SPSS 16 software acting as the analytical tool. The significance level for this study was set at 0.001, signifying a small error tolerance. on the results of the statistical analyses conducted in this study, it can be concluded that the role of Cognitive Fusion in predicting the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in employed women is positive and significant. In fact, Cognitive Fusion has the ability to predict the symptoms of OCD in employed mothers. Based on this finding, It is suggested that Development, validation, and evaluation of communication enhancement training programs are recommended to effectively educate employed women, particularly those with OCD symptoms, on navigating workplace interactions, home dynamics, and managing their intrusive thoughts and associated "shoulds.

Comparative Study of Vaginal Hysterectomy and Total Abdominal Hysterectomy in Non-descent Uterus

Dr. Heena Rajput, Dr. Kishor Chauhan, Dr. Preet Kantharia, Dr. Labdhi Shah — Fri, 29 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

AIM

To compare outcome of the study of the Vaginal Hysterectomy (VH) in non-descent uterus and that of total Abdominal Hysterectomy (AH) with respect to demographic profile like age group & parity & presenting symptoms, indications, diagnosis, mode of delivery, operative time, operative complications, blood transfusion need, postoperative complications, ambulation, type anaesthesia & complications of anaesthesia and post operative hospital stay.

MATERIALS & METHODS

The study was carried out at Dhiraj Hospital at Vadodara, Gujarat. Total of 100 cases admitted to the Gynaecology unit requiring hysterectomy for benign diseases were randomly selected out of which 50 cases underwent vaginal hysterectomy for non-descent uterus and 50 cases underwent abdominal hysterectomy for the same indications during the study period between January 2023 to February 2024.

RESULT

Majority of the patients operated for hysterectomy belonged to 41-50 years of age. Mean age of abdominal hysterectomy and vaginal hysterectomy are 43.2 and 45.6 respectively. Majority of the patients came to the hospital with complain of excessive menses.
Most of the patients who underwent hysterectomy are multiparous and mean parity in the AH group is 3.05 and VH Group is 3.13
The most common indication in both the group is DUB (43%) of the cases, followed by Adenomyosis (31%), Fibroid Uterus (19%) and PID (7%).
82% of the patients are delivered vaginally and 13% of these patients has previous caesarean delivery and operated without any major complication. Selected cases of previous CS were successfully operated vaginally without any major complication.
Anaemia (30%) is the most common medical condition associated in this study. As patients coming for hysterectomy are of perimenopausal age group and usually present with the complain of menorrhagia therefore they develop anaemia.
Mean duration of surgery in vaginal group (62 minute) is lower than the abdominal group (70 minutes). Patients of vaginal group ambulated earlier than the abdominal group.
Total 20% of cases were given blood transfusion pre, intra, or post operatively to reduce intraoperative and post operative morbidity and mortality in required cases.
Overall, 97% of the patients operated under spinal anaesthesia and 8% of these patients developed spinal headache.
Rate of intraoperative complication is high in abdominal group as compared to vaginal group. Most common indication in the abdominal group is adhesions. Intraoperative bladder injury is seen in 2 cases of abdominal group and 1 case of vaginal group which was managed successfully.
Most common post operative complication is fever in 4.5% of cases. Rate of post operative complication is less in vaginal group as compared to abdominal group. There were 3 cases of wound infection which required re-suturing.
Most of the patients discharged between 4-6 days post operatively. Mean postoperative stay in the vaginal group is 4.1 day and abdominal group is 5.1 days.
There was no case of mortality in this study showing that hysterectomy was a safe procedure nowadays with minimal complications.

CONCLUSION

Vaginal hysterectomy is a safe, least invasive & most economical route, with lesser complications and should be chosen as the preferred method of hysterectomy, over total abdominal hysterectomy, whenever feasible.

Synthesis, Characterisation And Antibacterial Activity Of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Using Ipomea Carnea Flower Extract

G. Maniteja, M. Ajay Kumar, Madhavi Kuncham — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this research, we describe the use of a green synthesis approach to create SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs). For the synthesis of SnO2 NPs, Ipomea carnea flower extract was utilised as a reducing and stabilising agent. XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, SAED, EDAX, PL, and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to analyse the produced SnO2 NPs. The green produced SnO2 NPs had a high purity, according to the results. Under visible light illumination, the photocatalytic properties of green produced SnO2 NPs were tested against Methylene Blue (MB) and Eosin Yellow (EY) dyes. Using the disc diffusion technique, the antibacterial activity were also evaluated against gramme positive and gramme negative microorganisms. The photocatalytic and antibacterial performance of the biosynthesized SnO2 NPs was found to be much greater than that of commercial SnO2. Furthermore, the Green synthesised SnO2 was also extremely reusable.

To study the impact of socioeconomic and demographic condition on various gynecological disorders and their mental health in urban and rural women

Dr. DEEPA KIRAR, Dr. SALONI JAIN, Dr. PRAMILA GUPTA, Dr. KISHOR CHAUHAN — Thu, 04 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Mental health and reproductive health are closely related. Physical health could be assessed with signs and symptoms but to assess mental health specific techniques are to be utilized of which questioning is one. The present study was undertaken to check the impact of different socioeconomicclassesanddemographicconditionsofurbanandruralwomenontheirgynecological health and mental health

Methodology: This comparative cross-sectional prospective study conducted in two tertiary care hospital i.e sumandeep vidhyapeeth hospital in Vadodara. The study sample size was 300 with 150 participants from each site.

Result:Age group of 31-35 (20%)years women was majorly affected at the urban site while at the rural site the age group was 21-25 years (20%). The affected socioeconomic group in urban settings was upper middle class(30%)and lower middle class(24%)and in a rural area it was upper lower class(56.7%).The incidence of menorrhagia(22.6%)was higher in rural area while UTI(28%) was higher in urban area. The general health questionnaire 12 was utilized to evaluate participant’s mental health. The average score of General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) was 17.17 in rural part while 20.26 in urban part.

Conclusion: Thus the reported average score of GHQ-12 shows an added mental aggressor in urban women compared to rural women. Correlation between socio economic class and mental health could be found in rural area but in urban parts it could not be due to non-compliance.

Myocardial injury in patients with acute ischemic stroke detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging

Ayaz Latif, Imran Ali Shah, Masroor Ahmed, Imtiaz Hussain, Muhammad Musab Zubair — Tue, 16 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Myocardial injury is a recognized complication in patients with acute ischemic stroke, but its characterization and clinical significance remain uncertain. We aimed to investigate myocardial injury patterns using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in a cohort of acute ischemic stroke patients.

Methods: A total of 220 patients with acute ischemic stroke were prospectively enrolled in this study. CMR was performed within 72 hours of stroke onset to assess myocardial injury. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data were collected, and statistical analysis was conducted to identify associations between myocardial injury and stroke characteristics.

Results: Among the 220 patients, 70 (31.8%) exhibited evidence of myocardial injury on CMR. The presence of myocardial injury was associated with older age, higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, and the presence of comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, myocardial injury was more prevalent in patients with large vessel occlusion strokes.

Conclusion: Myocardial injury, as detected by CMR, is common in patients with acute ischemic stroke and is associated with stroke severity and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation and management in acute stroke patients to optimize clinical outcomes.