Nanomaterials can inhibit planktonic and biofilm bacteria and can be used as topical therapy for mouth and wound-related infections

Abstract

Nanomaterials are an emerging therapeutic option for resistant planktonic MDR and biofilm diseases. The adjustable properties of nanomaterials, especially their surface functionalities, give design opportunities that can be fine-tuned to maximize therapeutic effectiveness while lowering host toxicity. This review shows how nanoparticles can attack bacteria in both planktonic and biofilm forms. Nanomaterials can access new multimodal antibacterial pathways, lowering or avoiding antibiotic resistance. Nanoparticles can be employed as topical treatments for mouth and wound biofilm-related infections. Strategies combining bactericidal effects with biofilm dispersion, however, are best for total biofilm eradication. Stimulated nanoparticles that take advantage of particular microenvironments at infection sites, such as pH and pathogen-derived metabolites, are one of numerous strategies to target nanomaterial MDR bacteria. Nanoparticles' long-term effects on the body and their systemic safety remain important challenges to therapeutic use. Nanoparticles' pharmacokinetic profile is presently being defined to better comprehend their bodily destiny. Effective antimicrobial nanomaterials need interdisciplinary collaboration between chemists, biological researchers (including microbiologists), and engineers. Cooperation across basic, translational, and industrial groups will be important in delivering antimicrobial nanoparticles to the clinic. Overall, nanomaterial-based treatment approaches offer a feasible alternative to antibiotics for difficult-to-treat diseases, alleviating post-antibiotic issues.