Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Exosomes: A Paradigm Shift in Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

The usage of mesenchymal stromal cells and its exosomes in tissue engineering followed by regenerative medicine has recently changed the game. Researchers are paying more attention to mesenchymal stromal cells because of their capacity to produce skin cells like fibroblast and keratinocytes as well as their special ability to reduce inflammation at the site of wounds. As a consequence of their pro-angiogenic factor secretion and marked anti-fibrotic actions, that are primarily arbitrated by the discharge of matrix metalloproteinase, mesenchymal stromal cells   are also capable of producing angiogenesis, which makes them an intelligent and efficient method for accelerating wound repair by such a minimal scar. Meanwhile mesenchymal stromal cells   primary healing abilities rely on paracrine actions, it seems that exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells may be a feasible substitute to sustenance wound repair and skin regeneration using a cutting-edge cell-free method. Such exosomes deliver useful cargos like growth factors, miRNA, etc. from mesenchymal stromal cells to recipient skin cells, influencing biological processes like migration, proliferation, and the release of ECM components in the recipient skin cells. Exosome therapy's key advantages over parental mesenchymal stromal cells are their decreased immunogenicity and lower chance of tumour development. mesenchymal stromal cells or products derived from them have demonstrated paracrine therapeutic effects, including controlling inflammation, altering fibroblast stimulation and collagen formation, fostering neovascularization and re-epithelialization. Our review discusses how mesenchymal stromal cells and the compounds they produce affect each stage of the healing process for wounds. It also discusses the pre-clinical and medical applications of mesenchymal stromal cells in pathological fibrosis, diabetic related wounds, and cutaneous wound healing. Therefore, we outline the clinical benefit of mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapies for facilitating skin healing of wounds and enhancing patients' life quality.